Benign vs Malignant Neoplasms Tumors can be classified as benign (well differentiated) or malignant (range from well differentiated to undifferentiated.). Tumors can be classified according

Role of immune system Immune response is to reject or destroy cancer cells May be inadequate as cancer cells arise from normal human cells Some

Role of immune system Immune response is to reject or destroy cancer cells May be inadequate as cancer cells arise from normal human cells Some

Gene mutations: Development of cancer Inherited About 5% to 10% of all cancers or predisposition to cancers are inherited Lead to a very high risk

Biology of Cancer Two major dysfunctions in the process of cancer development: Defective cell proliferation (growth) Stem cells Undifferentiated cells Ultimately differentiate and become mature,

Cancer Cancer – Incidence Group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled and unregulated growth of cells Occurs in people of all ages Majority of cases are

Nursing and Interprofessional management Care is directed toward Prevention of sequelae from disease Alleviating manifestations from complications Minimizing end-organ damage Promptly treating serious sequelae Hospitalized

Clinical manifestations Typical patient is asymptomatic except during sickling episodes Symptoms may include Pain from tissue hypoxia and damage Pallor of mucous membranes Jaundice from

Sickle Cell Disease Group of inherited, autosomal recessive disorders Characterized by presence of an abnormal form of Hgb in RBC Genetic disorder usually identified during

Anemia caused by blood loss (Acute and Chronic) Anemia resulting from blood loss may be caused by either acute or chronic problems Acute blood loss

Iron-deficiency anemia Inadequate dietary intake 5% to 10% of ingested iron is absorbed Malabsorption Iron absorption occurs in the duodenum Diseases or surgery that alter,

Nutritional therapy for erythropoiesis Nutrient Role Source Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) RBC maturation Red meats, especially liver, eggs, enriched grain products, milk and dairy foods, fish