Anemia caused by blood loss (Acute and Chronic)

Anemia resulting from blood loss may be caused by either acute or chronic problems
- Acute blood loss occurs as a result of sudden hemorrhage
- Sources of chronic blood loss are similar to those of iron-deficiency anemia
Acute blood loss
- Causes of sudden hemorrhage
  - Trauma
  - Complications of surgery
  - Conditions or diseases that disrupt vascular integrity
    - Hypovolemic shock
    - Compensatory increased plasma volume with diminished O2 -carrying RBCs
- Clinical manifestations
  - Pain
    - Internal hemorrhage
      - Tissue distention, organ displacement, nerve compression
    - Retroperitoneal bleeding
      - Numbness
      - Pain in lower extremities
  - Shock is major complication
- Diagnostic studies
  - With sudden blood volume loss, values may seem normal or high for 2 to 3 days
  - Once plasma volume is replaced, low RBC concentrations become evident
    - Low RBC, Hgb, and Hct levels show up and reflect actual blood loss
- Interprofessional care
  - Replacing blood volume to prevent shock
  - Identifying source of hemorrhage and stopping blood loss
  - Correcting RBC loss
  - Providing supplemental iron
  - May be impossible to prevent if caused by trauma
  - Postoperative patients
    - Monitor blood loss
    - Administer blood products for anemia
  - No need for long-term treatment
- Hemolytic Anemia
  - General manifestations of anemia
  - Specific manifestations including
    - Jaundice
    - Enlargement of the spleen and liver
  - Maintenance of renal function is a major focus of treatment

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