Managing pain Respiratory tract infection Patient education Discharge instructions Postoperative Care Ensure that preparations are made to receive child: Bed or crib is ready. Intravenous

Surgical Procedures  Preoperative care Parental presence Preoperative sedation Postoperative care Continuous monitoring Vital signs assessment Potential causes of Postoperative vital sign alterations in children Alteration 

Preparing the family General principles of family education Establish a rapport with the family. Avoid using any specialized terms or jargon.  Clarify all terms with

Postprocedural support Encourage expression of feelings Playing with medical objects provides children with the opportunity to play out fears and concerns with supervision by a

Performance of the procedure Expect success Approach children with confidence and convey the impression that you expect to be successful Involve the child Permitting choices

Developmental and cognitive ability Establish trust and provide support Parental presence and support Support parents who do not want to be present in their decision

Adolescent: Developing Identity and Abstract Thought Increasing Abstract Thought and Reasoning Discuss why procedure is necessary or beneficial. Explain long-term consequences of procedures; include information

School-Age Child: Developing Industry and Concrete Thought Increased Language Skills; Interest in Acquiring Knowledge Explain procedure using correct scientific and medical terminology. Explain procedure using

Preschooler: Developing Initiative and Preoperational Thought Egocentric Explain procedure in simple terms and in relation to how it affects child (as with toddler, stress sensory

Toddler: Developing Autonomy and Sensorimotor to Preoperational Thought Use same approaches as for infant plus the following. Egocentric Thought Explain procedure in relation to what

Age-specific guidelines for preparation Infant: Developing trust and sensorimotor thought Attachment to Parent Involve parent in procedure if desired. Keep parent in infant’s line of

Preparation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures Psychologic preparation Selecting nonthreatening words or phrases Words and Phrases to Avoid Suggested Substitutions Shot, bee sting, stick Medicine