Predisposing Factors Bipolar Disorders

Predisposing Factors

Biological theories
- Genetics
  - Twin and family studies
  - Other genetic studies
- Biochemical influences
  - Possible excess of norepinephrine and dopamine
- Physiological influences
  - Brain lesions
  - Enlarged ventricles
  - Medication side effects
Psychosocial theories
- Credibility of psychosocial theories has declined in recent years.
- Bipolar disorder is viewed as a disease of the brain.

Developmental implications: Childhood and Adolescence

Lifetime prevalence of pediatric and adolescent bipolar disorders is estimated at about 1%.
Diagnosis is difficult.
Treatment strategies
- Psychopharmacology
  - Lithium
  - Divalproex
  - Carbamazepine
  - Atypical antipsychotics
- Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (A D H D) is the most common comorbid condition.
- A D H D agents may exacerbate mania and should be administered only after bipolar symptoms have been controlled.
- Family interventions
  - Psychoeducation about bipolar disorder
  - Communication training
  - Problem-solving skills training

How to Grill Safely

What You Need to Know When handling raw meat, chicken and other poultry, and seafood Separate it from other food Refrigerate it before grilling Wash

Buprenorphine use in the emergency department safe for people who use fentanyl

At a Glance Researchers found that buprenorphine can be safely started in the emergency department by people who use fentanyl either alone or with other

The Importance of Urgent Care

Urgent care centers are a vital part of the healthcare system. They provide convenient, affordable, and quality care for a wide range of minor illnesses