Education is essential Goals of public education Motivate people to recognize and modify behaviors that may negatively affect health Encourage awareness of and participation in

Diagnosis of cancer Diagnostic plan includes Comprehensive Health History Identification of risk factors Physical examination Specific diagnostic studies Indicated diagnostic studies depend on site of

Classification of cancer Tumors can be classified by Anatomic site Histology Grading severity Extent of disease Staging Classification systems provide a standardized way to Communicate

Benign vs Malignant Neoplasms Tumors can be classified as benign (well differentiated) or malignant (range from well differentiated to undifferentiated.). Tumors can be classified according

Role of immune system Immune response is to reject or destroy cancer cells May be inadequate as cancer cells arise from normal human cells Some

Role of immune system Immune response is to reject or destroy cancer cells May be inadequate as cancer cells arise from normal human cells Some

Gene mutations: Development of cancer Inherited About 5% to 10% of all cancers or predisposition to cancers are inherited Lead to a very high risk

Biology of Cancer Two major dysfunctions in the process of cancer development: Defective cell proliferation (growth) Stem cells Undifferentiated cells Ultimately differentiate and become mature,

Cancer Cancer – Incidence Group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled and unregulated growth of cells Occurs in people of all ages Majority of cases are

Nursing and Interprofessional management Care is directed toward Prevention of sequelae from disease Alleviating manifestations from complications Minimizing end-organ damage Promptly treating serious sequelae Hospitalized

Clinical manifestations Typical patient is asymptomatic except during sickling episodes Symptoms may include Pain from tissue hypoxia and damage Pallor of mucous membranes Jaundice from

Sickle Cell Disease Group of inherited, autosomal recessive disorders Characterized by presence of an abnormal form of Hgb in RBC Genetic disorder usually identified during