Oral Fluid Replacement
Oral Fluid Replacement Used to correct mild fluid and electrolyte deficits Water Glucose Potassium Sodium IV Fluids Purposes Maintenance When oral intake is not adequate Replacement When losses have occurred Types of fluids categorized by tonicity Hypotonic More water than electrolytes Pure water lyses RBCs Water moves from ECF to ICF by osmosis Usually maintenance […]
Magnesium Imbalances: Causes and Manifestations
Magnesium Roles of Magnesium Coenzyme in metabolism of carbohydrates Required for DNA and protein synthesis Blood glucose control BP regulation Necessary for ATP production Acts directly on myoneural junction Important for normal cardiac function 50% to 60% contained in bone Absorbed in GI tract Excreted by kidneys Hypermagnesemia High serum Mg caused by Increased intake […]
Phosphate Imbalances: Causes and Manifestations
Phosphate Primary anion in ICF Essential to function of muscle, red blood cells, and nervous system Involved in acid-base buffering system, ATP production, cellular uptake of glucose, and metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats Serum levels controlled by parathyroid hormone Maintenance requires adequate renal functioning Reciprocal relationship with calcium Hyperphosphatemia High serum PO43- caused by […]
Calcium Imbalances: Causes and Manifestations
Nursing implementation Treat cause Oral or IV calcium supplements Rebreathe into paper bag Treat pain and anxiety to prevent hyperventilation-induced respiratory alkalosis Calcium Imbalances: Causes and Manifestations Hypercalcemia (Ca2+ >10.2 mg/dL [2.55 mmol/L]) Hypocalcemia (Ca2+ <8.6 mg/dL [2.15 mmol/L]) Cause Increased Total Calcium Decreased Total Calcium Hyperparathyroidism Primary hypoparathyroidism Hematologic malignancy Renal insufficiency Malignancies with […]
Pressure Ulcers
Pressure Ulcers Localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue (usually over a bony prominence) as a result of pressure or pressure in combination with shear Located at tailbone, heels, hips, shoulder blades, ankles, elbows, ears, and the back of your head. Risk factors for pressure ulcers Advanced age Immobility Anemia Impaired circulation Contractures Incontinence […]
Role of Nursing Personnel
Role of Nursing Personnel Registered Nurse (RN) Assess patients for pressure ulcer risk and develop a plan of care to prevent the development of pressure ulcers. Assess patients for factors that may delay wound healing and develop a plan of care to address these factors. Assess and document initial wound appearance, including wound size, depth, […]
Healing Process
Healing Process The final phase of the inflammation process is healing Healing includes two major components: Regeneration Replacement of lost cells and tissues with cells of the same type Repair Occurs by primary, secondary, or tertiary intention Primary intention – When wound margins are neatly approximated, as in a surgical incision or a paper cut […]
Nursing and Interprofessional management
Nursing and Interprofessional management Nursing Implementation Health Promotion Prevention of injury Adequate nutrition Early recognition of inflammation Immediate treatment Acute Intervention Observation Vital signs Fever management Drug therapy Aspirin Acetaminophen NSAIDs Corticosteroids RICE Rest Helps the body use its nutrients and O2 for the healing process. The repair process is facilitated by allowing fibrin and […]
Types of Inflammation
Types of Inflammation Acute Healing occurs in 2 to 3 weeks, usually leaving no residual damage Neutrophils are predominant cell type at site of inflammation Subacute Has same features as acute inflammation but persists longer Chronic May last for years Injurious agent persists or repeats injury to site Predominant cell types involved are lymphocytes and […]
Inflammation : Exudate
Exudate Consists of fluid and leukocytes that move from circulation to site of injury Nature and quantity depend on type and severity of injury and tissues involved Types of inflammatory exudate Serous Serosangulneous Fibrinous Hemorrhagic Purulent (pus) Catarrhal Clinical manifestations Local response to inflammation Manifestations Cause Redness Hyperemia from vasodilation Heat Increased metabolism at inflammatory […]