Diagnosis of cancer
Diagnosis of cancer Diagnostic plan includes Comprehensive Health History Identification of risk factors Physical examination Specific diagnostic studies Indicated diagnostic studies depend on site of cancer Lab works Cytology studies Chest x-ray Endoscopic examinations Radiographic studies Radioisotope scans PET scan Tumor markers Genetic markers Bone marrow examination Biopsy Patient may experience fear and anxiety Actively […]
Classification of cancer
Classification of cancer Tumors can be classified by Anatomic site Histology Grading severity Extent of disease Staging Classification systems provide a standardized way to Communicate with health care team Prepare and evaluate treatment plan Determine prognosis Compare groups statistically Anatomic site classification Identified by tissue of origin Carcinomas originate from Embryonal ectoderm (skin, glands) Endoderm […]
Benign vs Malignant Neoplasms
Benign vs Malignant Neoplasms Tumors can be classified as benign (well differentiated) or malignant (range from well differentiated to undifferentiated.). Tumors can be classified according to Anatomic site, Histology (grading) Extent of disease (staging). Tumor classification systems provide a standardized way to Communicate the status of the cancer to all members of the Interprofessional care […]
Role of immune system : Cancer
Role of immune system Immune response is to reject or destroy cancer cells May be inadequate as cancer cells arise from normal human cells Some cancer cells have changes on their surface antigens Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) Cytotoxic T cells Kill tumor cells directly Produce cytokines Natural killer cells and activated macrophages can lyse tumor cells B […]
Role of immune system
Role of immune system Immune response is to reject or destroy cancer cells May be inadequate as cancer cells arise from normal human cells Some cancer cells have changes on their surface antigens Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) Cytotoxic T cells Kill tumor cells directly Produce cytokines Natural killer cells and activated macrophages can lyse tumor cells […]
Gene mutations: Development of cancer
Gene mutations: Development of cancer Inherited About 5% to 10% of all cancers or predisposition to cancers are inherited Lead to a very high risk for cancer Acquired Most cancers are acquired Chemical Many chemicals have been identified as carcinogens over the years Benzene Arsenic Formaldehyde Radiation Radiation can cause cancer in almost any human […]
Biology of Cancer
Biology of Cancer Two major dysfunctions in the process of cancer development: Defective cell proliferation (growth) Stem cells Undifferentiated cells Ultimately differentiate and become mature, functioning cells of only that tissue All cells are controlled by an intracellular mechanism that determines proliferation Orderly process progressing from a state of immaturity to a state of maturity […]
Cancer
Cancer Cancer – Incidence Group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled and unregulated growth of cells Occurs in people of all ages Majority of cases are diagnosed in those over age 55 Both the incidence and mortality rate of cancer has been declining Incidences of lung, colorectal, breast, and oral cancer have decreased Other cancers have […]
Nursing and Interprofessional management : Anemia Sickle Cell Disease
Nursing and Interprofessional management Care is directed toward Prevention of sequelae from disease Alleviating manifestations from complications Minimizing end-organ damage Promptly treating serious sequelae Hospitalized patients in sickle cell crisis O2 for hypoxia and to control sickling Vigilance for respiratory failure Rest with DVT prophylaxis Administration of fluids and electrolytes Transfusion therapy Chelation therapy with […]
Clinical manifestations : Sickle Cell Disease
Clinical manifestations Typical patient is asymptomatic except during sickling episodes Symptoms may include Pain from tissue hypoxia and damage Pallor of mucous membranes Jaundice from hemolysis Prone to gallstones (cholelithiasis) Complications Body organ Complications Brain Thrombosis or hemorrhage causing paralysis, sensory deficits, death Eye Hemorrhage Retinal detachment Blindness Retinopathy Lung Acute chest syndrome Pulmonary hypertension […]