Pattern of growth and development Directional Trend  Growth and development proceed in regular directions The first pattern is the cephalocaudal, or head-to-tail, direction. The head

Stages of development Prenatal Period- Conception to Birth Germinal: Conception to approximately 2 weeks of age Embryonic: 2 to 8 weeks of age Fetal: 8

Developmental and Genetic Influences on Child Health Promotion Foundations of growth and development Growth Increase in number and size of cells as they divide and

Positioning for procedures Femoral venipuncture Nurse places the child supine with the legs in a frog position to provide extensive exposure of the groin area. 

Controlling elevated temperature Set Point:  The temperature around which body temperature is regulated by a thermostat-like mechanism in the hypothalamus.  Fever (hyperpyrexia):  An elevation in

Procedures related to elimination Enemas Purpose Techniques (age/weight appropriate) If prepared saline is not available, the nurse can make some by adding 1 tsp of

Gastrostomy feedings Often used for children in whom passage of a tube through the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and cardiac sphincter of the stomach is contraindicated

Alternative feeding techniques Gavage feedings Preparations A suitable tube selected according to the child’s size, the viscosity of the solution being fed, and anticipated duration

Nasogastric, Orogastric, Or Gastrostomy administration In children Use elixir or suspension (rather than tablet) preparations of medication whenever possible. Dilute viscous medication or syrup with

Aerosol Therapy Deposits medication directly into the airway Useful in avoiding systemic side effects Nebulized with oxygen Handheld nebulizers discharge a medicated mist into a

Optic, Otic, and Nasal administration The major difficulty is in gaining children’s cooperation. Older children need only an explanation and direction.  Although the administration of

Maintaining fluid balance Measurement of intake and output Fluids to be measured Nursing responsibility: To identify when fluids should be measured Receiving IV therapy Who