Maintaining fluid balance

- Maintaining fluid balance
  - Measurement of intake and output
    - Fluids to be measured
    - Nursing responsibility: To identify when fluids should be measured
      - Receiving IV therapy
      - Who underwent major surgery
      - Receiving diuretic or corticosteroid therapy
      - With severe thermal burns or injuries
      - With renal disease or damage
      - With congestive heart failure
      - With dehydration
      - With diabetes mellitus
      - With oliguria
      - In respiratory distress
      - With chronic lung disease
    - Diaper weighing technique
      - 1 g of wet diaper weight = 1 mL urine
  - Special needs when the child is not permitted to take fluids by mouth
    - To ensure that they do not receive fluids
      - A sign can be placed in some obvious place, such as over their beds or on their shirts, to alert others to the NPO status.
    - To prevent the temptation to drink
      - Fluids should not be left at the bedside.
    - Oral hygiene, a part of routine hygienic care, is especially important when fluids are restricted or withheld
      - Young children who cannot brush their teeth or rinse their mouth without swallowing fluid, the mouth and teeth can be cleansed and kept moist by swabbing with saline-moistened gauze.

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