Pathophysiology : Asthma
Pathophysiology Primary response is chronic inflammation from exposure to allergens or irritants Leading to airway bronchoconstriction, hyper-responsiveness, and edema of airways Exposure to allergens or irritants initiates inflammatory cascade Inflammatory mediators cause early-phase response Vascular congestion Edema formation Production of thick, tenacious mucus Bronchial muscle spasm Thickening of airway walls Early-phase response As the inflammatory […]
Asthma
Asthma Heterogeneous disease characterized by a combination of clinical manifestations along with reversible expiratory airflow limitation or bronchial hyper-responsiveness Affects about 18.8 million Americans Women are 62% more likely to have asthma than men Older adults may be undiagnosed Risk factors and triggers Related to patient (e.g., genetic factors) Related to environment (e.g., pollen) Male […]
Tuberculosis : Nursing implementation
Nursing implementation Health Promotion Ultimate goal in the United States is eradication Selective screening programs in high-risk groups to detect TB Treatment of LTBI Follow-up positive TST results Reportable disease Address social determinants of TB Acute Care Airborne isolation Single-occupancy room with 6-12 airflow exchanges/hour Health care workers wear high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) masks Immediate […]
Nursing Assessment Tuberculosis
Nursing Assessment History Physical symptoms Productive cough Night sweats Afternoon temperature elevation Weight loss Pleuritic chest pain Crackles over apices of lungs Sputum collection Nursing diagnoses Ineffective breathing pattern related to decreased lung capacity Ineffective airway clearance related to increased secretions, fatigue, and decreased lung capacity Risk for infection (spread of infection to others) related […]
Tuberculosis : Nursing Assessment
Nursing Assessment History Physical symptoms Productive cough Night sweats Afternoon temperature elevation Weight loss Pleuritic chest pain Crackles over apices of lungs Sputum collection Nursing diagnoses Ineffective breathing pattern related to decreased lung capacity Ineffective airway clearance related to increased secretions, fatigue, and decreased lung capacity
Tuberculosis : Interprofessional care
Interprofessional care Hospitalization not necessary for most patients Infectious for first 2 weeks after starting treatment if sputum + Drug therapy used to prevent or treat active disease Need to monitor compliance Drug therapy Active disease Treatment is aggressive Two phases of treatment Initial (8 weeks) Continuation (18 weeks) Four-drug regimen Isoniazid Rifampin (Rifadin) Pyrazinamide […]
Diagnostic Studies : Tuberculosis
Diagnostic Studies Tuberculin skin test (TST) AKA: Mantoux test Uses purified protein derivative (PPD) injected intradermally Assess for induration in 48 – 72 hours Presence of induration (not redness) at injection site indicates development of antibodies secondary to exposure to TB Positive if ≥15 mm induration in low-risk individuals Response decrease in immunocompromised patients Reactions […]
Complications : TB
Complications Miliary TB Large numbers of organisms spread via the bloodstream to distant organs Fatal if untreated Manifestations progress slowly and vary depending on which organs are infected Fever, cough, and lymphadenopathy occur Can include hepatomegaly and splenomegaly Pleural TB Chest pain, fever, cough, and a unilateral pleural effusion are common Pleural effusion Bacteria in […]
Clinical manifestations : TB
Clinical manifestations LTBI – asymptomatic Cannot spread TB bacteria to others Usually has a skin test or blood test result indicating TB infection Has a normal chest x-ray and a negative sputum smear Needs treatment for latent TB infection to prevent active TB disease Pulmonary TB Takes 2-3 weeks to develop symptoms Initial dry cough […]
Etiology and pathophysiology : Tuberculosis
Etiology and pathophysiology Spread via airborne particles Can be suspended in air for minutes to hours Transmission requires close, frequent, or prolonged exposure NOT spread by touching, sharing food utensils, kissing, or other physical contact Once causative organisms gains entrance, particles lodge in bronchioles and alveoli Local inflammatory reaction occurs Ghon lesion or focus – […]