Lifestyle modifications : Blood Pressure
Lifestyle modifications Weight reduction Weight loss of 22 lb (10 kg ) may decrease SBP by approx. 5 to 20 mm Hg Calorie restriction and physical activity DASH eating plan Fruits, vegetables, fat-free or low-fat milk, whole grains, fish, poultry, beans, seeds, and nuts Dietary sodium reduction < 2300 mg/day for healthy adults < 1500 […]
Diagnostic studies : Blood Pressure
Diagnostic studies Diagnostic assessment History and physical examination, including an ophthalmic examination Routine urinalysis Basic metabolic panel (serum glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, BUN, and creatinine) Complete blood count Serum lipid proile (total lipids, triglycerides, HDL and LDL cholesterol, total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio) Serum uric acid, calcium, and magnesium 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) Optional: 24-hr urinary […]
Complications : Blood Pressure
Complications Target organ diseases occur most frequently in Heart Hypertensive heart disease Coronary Artery disease Hypertension disrupts the coronary artery endothelium This results in a stiff arterial wall with a narrowed lumen, and accounts for a high rate of CAD, angina, and MI. Left ventricular hypertrophy Increased contractility increases myocardial work and O2 demand Heart failure […]
Pneumonia
Pneumonia Acute infection of lung parenchyma Associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates Pneumonia and influenza are 8th leading cause of death in the U.S. Etiology Likely to result when defense mechanisms become incompetent or overwhelmed Decreased cough and epiglottal reflexes may allow aspiration Mucociliary mechanism impaired Pollution Cigarette smoking Upper respiratory infections Tracheal intubation […]
Nursing diagnoses : Asthma
Nursing diagnoses Ineffective airway clearance related to bronchospasm, excessive mucus production, tenacious secretions, and fatigue Anxiety related to difficulty breathing, perceived or actual loss of control, and fear of suffocation Deficient knowledge related to lack of information and education about asthma and its treatment Planning Minimal symptoms during the day and night Acceptable activity levels […]
Nursing management : Asthma
Nursing management Health promotion Teach patient to identify and avoid known triggers Use dust covers Use scarves or masks for cold air Avoid aspirin and NSAIDs Prompt diagnosis and treatment of upper respiratory infections and sinusitis may prevent asthma exacerbation Fluid intake of 2 to 3 L every day Good nutrition Adequate rest Nursing Assessment […]
Drug therapy : Asthma
Drug therapy Three types of anti-inflammatory drugs Corticosteroids (e.g., beclomethasone, budesonide) Suppress inflammatory response Reduce bronchial hyper-responsiveness Decrease mucous production Inhaled form is used in long-term control Systemic form to control exacerbations and manage persistent asthma Oropharyngeal candidiasis, hoarseness, and a dry cough are local side effects of inhaled drug Can be reduced using a […]
Interprofessional care : Asthma
Interprofessional care The current guidelines focus on Assessing the severity of the disease at diagnosis and initial treatment and then Monitoring periodically to control the disease Intermittent and persistent asthma Avoid triggers of acute attacks Pre-medicate before exercising Short-term (rescue or reliever) medication Long-term or controller medication Acute asthma exacerbations Respiratory distress Treatment depends upon […]
Diagnostic studies : Asthma
Diagnostic studies Detailed history and physical exam Spirometry Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) Chest x-ray Oximetry Allergy testing Blood levels of eosinophils Diagnostic Assessment History and physical examination Spirometry, including response to bronchodilator therapy Peak expiratory low rate (PEFR) Chest xray Measurement of oximetry Allergy skin testing (if indicated) Blood level of eosinophils and IgE […]
Clinical manifestation : Asthma
Clinical manifestation Recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, cough, and tight chest Expiration may be prolonged. Inspiration-expiration ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 or 1:4 Bronchospasm, edema, and mucus in bronchioles narrow the airways Air takes longer to move out Most common manifestations Cough Shortness of breath (dyspnea) Wheezing Chest tightness Variable airflow obstruction Complications and classification […]