Diagnosis of cancer

Diagnostic plan includes
- Comprehensive Health History
- Identification of risk factors
- Physical examination
- Specific diagnostic studies
Indicated diagnostic studies depend on site of cancer
- Lab works
- Cytology studies
- Chest x-ray
- Endoscopic examinations
- Radiographic studies
- Radioisotope scans
- PET scan
- Tumor markers
- Genetic markers
- Bone marrow examination
- Biopsy
Patient may experience fear and anxiety
- Actively listen to patient’s concerns
- Manage your own discomfort
- Give clear explanations; repeat if necessary
- Give written information for reinforcement
- Refer to oncology team when possible
Manage your own discomfort
- Avoid
  - Communication patterns that may hinder exploration of feelings
  - Use of overly technical language
- Encourage patients to share the meaning of their experience
- Listening is an important skill at this time
Prevention is key
- The war on cancer will not be won with drugs or radiation therapy
- A stronger emphasis on prevention is needed
- Nurses have an essential role

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