Clinical manifestation Recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, cough, and tight chest Expiration may be prolonged. Inspiration-expiration ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 or 1:4 Bronchospasm, edema,

Pathophysiology Primary response is chronic inflammation from exposure to allergens or irritants Leading to airway bronchoconstriction, hyper-responsiveness, and edema of airways Exposure to allergens or

Asthma Heterogeneous disease characterized by a combination of clinical manifestations along with reversible expiratory airflow limitation or bronchial hyper-responsiveness Affects about 18.8 million Americans Women

Nursing implementation Health Promotion Ultimate goal in the United States is eradication Selective screening programs in high-risk groups to detect TB Treatment of LTBI Follow-up

Nursing Assessment History Physical symptoms Productive cough Night sweats Afternoon temperature elevation Weight loss Pleuritic chest pain Crackles over apices of lungs Sputum collection Nursing

Nursing Assessment History Physical symptoms Productive cough Night sweats Afternoon temperature elevation Weight loss Pleuritic chest pain Crackles over apices of lungs Sputum collection Nursing

Interprofessional care Hospitalization not necessary for most patients Infectious for first 2 weeks after starting treatment if sputum + Drug therapy used to prevent or

Diagnostic Studies Tuberculin skin test (TST) AKA: Mantoux test Uses purified protein derivative (PPD) injected intradermally Assess for induration in 48 – 72 hours Presence

Complications Miliary TB Large numbers of organisms spread via the bloodstream to distant organs Fatal if untreated Manifestations progress slowly and vary depending on which

Clinical manifestations LTBI – asymptomatic Cannot spread TB bacteria to others Usually has a skin test or blood test result indicating TB infection Has a

Etiology and pathophysiology Spread via airborne particles Can be suspended in air for minutes to hours Transmission requires close, frequent, or prolonged exposure NOT spread

Tuberculosis Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lungs most commonly infected 1/3 of world’s population has TB Leading cause of death in patients with HIV/AIDs