Pediatrics : Pharmacologic management
Pharmacologic management The World Health Organization states that the principles for pharmacologic pain management should include the following: Using a two-step strategy Dosing at regular intervals Using the appropriate route of administration Adapting treatment to the individual child Nonopioids They include acetaminophens and NSAIDs are suitable for mild to moderate pain Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs for […]
Pediatrics : Guided imagery
Guided imagery Assist the child in an imaginary experience Including as many senses as possible (e.g., “feel the cool breezes,” “see the beautiful colors,” “hear the pleasant music”). Have the child describe the details and write down or record scripts Encourage child to concentrate only on the pleasurable event during the painful time; enhance the […]
Pediatrics : Appropriate routes
Appropriate routes Oral Nursing actions Route is preferred due to convenience, cost, and ability to maintain steady blood levels Take 1 to 2 hr to reach peak analgesic effects. Oral medications are not suited for children experiencing pain that requires rapid relief or pain that is fluctuating in nature Topical/transdermal Nursing actions Lidocaine and prilocaine […]
Pediatrics : Non-communicating children’s pain checklist: 3 years and older
Non-communicating children’s pain checklist: 3 years and older Behavior are observed for 10 min Six subcategories are each scored on a scale 0 to 3 0: Not at all 1: Just a little 2: Fairly often 3: Very often Subcategories Vocal Social Facial Activity Body and limbs Physiological Cutoff scores 11 or higher indicates moderate […]
Pediatrics : Pain Assessment
Pain Assessment Intensity Assessment includes behavioral measures, multidimensional, and self-report. Self-report is used for children 4 years or older. Children under 4 are unable to accurately report their pain Multiple tools have been developed and researched as reliable Choose an appropriate pain tool that will adequately assess the infant or child’s pain Assess the location, […]
Pediatrics : Physiologic Data
Physiologic Data Current health status Health maintenance pattern and last visit Up to date? Safety Activity and exercise Nutrition Sleep Family history Health background Changes in family or family life Separation, divorce, or death of a parent Who lives in the household? Age-specific issues Newborns Children Daily routines Adolescents HEEADSSS Home environment, education & employment, […]
Pediatrics : Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerves I—Olfactory Nerve Olfactory mucosa of nasal cavity (Smell) With eyes closed, have child identify odors, such as coffee, alcohol from a swab, or other smells; test each nostril separately. II—Optic Nerve Rods and cones of retina, optic nerve (Vision) Check for perception of light, visual acuity, peripheral vision, color vision, and normal optic […]
Pediatrics : Musculoskeletal system / Neurological system
Musculoskeletal system Length, position, and size of extremities are symmetric Joints Stable and symmetric with full range of motion and no crepitus or redness Spine Infants Spines should be without dimples or tufts of hair. They should be midline with an overall C-shaped lateral curve Toddlers Appears squat with short legs and protuberant abdomen Preschoolers […]
Pediatrics : Abdomen / Genitalia
Abdomen Without tenderness, no guarding. Peristaltic waves can be visible in thinner children. Shape: Symmetric and without protrusions are around the umbilicus Infants and toddlers have rounded abdomens Children and adolescents should have flat abdomens Bowel sounds should be heard every 5 to 30 seconds The sections are named: Left upper quadrant Left lower quadrant […]
Pediatric : Circulatory System
Circulatory System Heart Inspection Precordial activity Shape and symmetry Heave: an obvious lifting of the chest wall during contraction, may indicate an enlarged heart Palpation Apical impulse Thrills Auscultation Rate and rhythm Age Heart Rate range (Beats/min) Average Heart Rate (Beats/min) Newborns 100-170 120 Infants to 2 years 80-130 110 2-6 years 70-120 100 6-10 […]