Pediatrics : Complementary pain medicine

  • Complementary pain medicine
    • Classification of complementary and alternative medicine
      • Biologically based
      • Manipulative treatments
      • Energy based
      • Mind-body techniques
      • Alternative medical systems
  • Nursing Actions
    • Assess pain thoroughly and adequately
    • Administer medications in a timely manner
    • Evaluate and monitor the child’s response to treatments
    • Titrate analgesic medications to achieve optimal dosing
    • Make recommendations for alternate medications if needed
  • Consequences of untreated Pain in Infants
    • Acute Consequences
      • Periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage
      • Increased chemical and hormone release
      • Breakdown of fat and carbohydrate stores
      • Prolonged hyperglycemia
      • Higher morbidity for neonatal intensive care unit patients
      • Memory of painful events
      • Hypersensitivity to pain
      • Prolonged response to pain
      • Inappropriate innervation of the spinal cord
      • Inappropriate response to nonnoxious stimuli
      • Lower pain threshold
    • Potential Long-Term Consequences
      • Higher somatic complaints of unknown origin
      • Greater physiologic and behavioral responses to pain
      • Increased prevalence of neurologic deficits
      • Psychosocial problems
      • Neurobehavioral disorders
      • Cognitive deficits
      • Learning disorders
      • Poor motor performance
      • Behavioral problems
      • Attention deficits
      • Poor adaptive behavior
      • Inability to cope with novel situations
      • Problems with impulsivity and social control
      • Learning deficits
      • Emotional temperament changes in infancy or childhood
      • Accentuated hormonal stress responses in adult life
    • Common Pain States in Children
      • Levels of Sedation
        • Minimal Sedation (Anxiolysis)
          • Patient responds to verbal commands.
          • Cognitive function may be impaired.
          • Respiratory and cardiovascular systems are unaffected.
        • Moderate Sedation (Previously Conscious Sedation)
          • Patient responds to verbal commands but may not respond to light tactile stimulation.
          • Cognitive function is impaired.
          • Respiratory function is adequate; cardiovascular system is unaffected.
        • Deep Sedation
          • Patient cannot be easily aroused except with repeated or painful stimuli.
          • Ability to maintain airway may be impaired.
          • Spontaneous ventilation may be impaired; cardiovascular function is maintained.
        • General Anesthesia
          • Loss of consciousness, patient cannot be aroused with painful stimuli.
          • Airway cannot be maintained adequately, and ventilation is impaired.
          • Cardiovascular function may be impaired.
      • Painful and invasive procedures
        • Procedural sedation and analgesia
      • Postoperative pain 
        • Associated with surgery
        • Combination of medications
      • Burn pain
        • Multiple components
        • Difficult and challenging to control
      • Recurrent headaches
        • Tension, dental braces, weakness of eye muscles, sinusitis, epilepsy, sleep apnea, injury
      • Recurrent abdominal pain
        • Common in children
      • Pain associated with sickle cell disease
        • ED visits for opioid treatment
      • Cancer pain in children
        • Most prevalent symptom is pain
      • Pain and sedation in end-of-life care
        • Comfort can be relief with a combination of opioids and adjuvant analgesics

Share:

More Posts

Healthy Eating and the Holidays

KEY POINTS ‘Tis the season for family, festivity, and food—lots of food. How do you manage diabetes during the holidays when food temptations are just

About Cardiomyopathy

KEY POINTS Cardiomyopathy represents a collection of diverse conditions of the heart muscle. Cardiomyopathy can be acquired—developed because of another disease, condition, or factor—or inherited.

What is Cholesterol?

Cholesterol 101: An introduction If you’re reading this, you probably care about your health and the role cholesterol can play. That’s an important first step.