Pediatrics : Chest and Lungs /
Chest and Lungs Chest shape Infants: Shape is almost circular with anteroposterior diameter equaling the transverse or lateral diameter Children and adolescents: The transverse diameter to anteroposterior diameter changes to 2:1 Rib and sternum More soft and flexible in infants; symmetric and smooth, with no protrusions or bulges Movement Symmetric, no retractions Infants: Irregular rhythms […]
Pediatrics : Ears / Nose / Mouth and Throat
Ears During the tympanic membrane exam: In infants – Pull pinna down and back In children older than 3 – Pull pinna up and back The ear canal should be pink with fine hairs The tympanic membrane should be pearly pink, or gray The light reflex should be visible Alignment The top of the auricles […]
Pediatrics : Hair and Scalp / Head and Neck
Hair and scalp Hair should be evenly distributed, smooth, and strong Manifestations of nutritional deficiencies include hair that is stringy, dull, brittle, and dry Hair loss or balding spots on infants can indicate the child is spending too much time in the same position Scalp should be clean and absent from any scaliness, infestations, and […]
Pediatrics : General Appearance
General Appearance Appears undistressed, clean, well-kept, and without body odors Muscle tone: Erect head posture is expected in infants after 4 months of age Make eye contact when addressed (expect infants) Follows simple commands as age-appropriate Uses speech, language, and motor skills spontaneously Skin Assess skin for color, texture, temperature, moisture, turgor, lesions, acne, and […]
Pulse Rate : Grading of Pulses
Pulse Rate Grading of Pulses Grade Description 0 Not palpable +1 Difficult to palpate, thready, weak, easily obliterated with pressure +2 Difficult to palpate, may be obliterated with pressure +3 Easy to palpate, not easily obliterated with pressure (normal) +4 Strong, bounding, not obliterated with pressure Newborn: 110 to 160/min (depending on activity) 1 week […]
Temperature measurement in pediatrics
Temperature measurement in pediatrics Ask the Question PICOT Question: In infants and children, what is the most accurate method for measuring temperature in febrile children? Search for the Evidence Search Strategies Clinical research studies related to this issue were identified by searching for English publications within the past 15 years for infant and child populations; […]
Physical Assessment
Physical Assessment Anthropometric Measurements Height, weight, and circumference Weigh the child, taking two measurements and averaging them Calculate BMI BMI under the 5th percentile indicated the child is underweight BMI over the 85th percentile correlates with overweight Measure the infant’s head circumference (up to age 2 to 3 years) Examination techniques Inspection Purposeful observation of […]
Performing Pediatric Physical Examination
Performing Pediatric Physical Examination Perform the examination in an appropriate, nonthreatening area: Have room well-lit and decorated with neutral colors. Have room temperature comfortably warm. Place all strange and potentially frightening equipment out of sight. Have some toys, dolls, stuffed animals, and games available for the child. If possible, have rooms decorated and equipped for […]
Clinical Assessment of Nutritional Status : Sequence of examination
Sequence of examination Infant Before able to sit alone — supine or prone, preferably in parent’s lap; before 4 to 6 months, can place on examining table After able to sit alone — sitting in parent’s lap whenever possible; if on table, place with parent in full view If quiet, auscultate heart, lungs, and abdomen. […]
Clinical Assessment of Nutritional Status : Clinical Assessment of Nutritional Status
Clinical Assessment of Nutritional Status Evidence of Adequate Nutrition Evidence of Deficient or Excessive Nutrition Deficiency or Excess General Growth Normal weight gain, growth velocity, and head growth for age and gender Weight loss or poor weight Protein, calories, fats, and other essential nutrients, especially vitamin A, pyridoxine, niacin, calcium, iodine, manganese, zinc Excess weight […]