Urine  Urine collection bags For infants and toddlers who are not toilet trained, special urine collection bags with self-adhering material around the opening at the

Collection of specimens Fundamental steps common to all procedures Assemble the necessary equipment. Identify the child using two patient identifiers (e.g., patient name and medical

Restraining methods Alternative methods: Consider first Diversional activities Parental participation Therapeutic holding Use least restrictive Behavioral restraints Used when significant risk present Determine cause of

Safety Environmental factors Electrical equipment Furniture Strangulation Toys Preventing falls Risk factors for hospitalized children  Medication effects:  Postanesthesia or sedation; analgesics or narcotics, especially in

The child with fever Call Office Immediately If: Your child is younger than 2 months of age. The fever is over 40.6° C (105° F).

Managing pain Respiratory tract infection Patient education Discharge instructions Postoperative Care Ensure that preparations are made to receive child: Bed or crib is ready. Intravenous

Surgical Procedures  Preoperative care Parental presence Preoperative sedation Postoperative care Continuous monitoring Vital signs assessment Potential causes of Postoperative vital sign alterations in children Alteration 

Preparing the family General principles of family education Establish a rapport with the family. Avoid using any specialized terms or jargon.  Clarify all terms with

Postprocedural support Encourage expression of feelings Playing with medical objects provides children with the opportunity to play out fears and concerns with supervision by a

Performance of the procedure Expect success Approach children with confidence and convey the impression that you expect to be successful Involve the child Permitting choices

Developmental and cognitive ability Establish trust and provide support Parental presence and support Support parents who do not want to be present in their decision